What is the VVIQ?
The VVIQ is a self-report measure of the clarity and liveliness of visual imagery and, in so doing, aims to evoke images that vary in vividness, ambiance, and feeling as well. The instructions state the following:
“Visual imagery refers to the ability to visualize, that is, the ability to form mental pictures, or to ‘see in the mind’s eye’. Marked individual differences are found in the strength and clarity of reported visual imagery and these differences are of considerable psychological interest.
The aim of this test is to determine the vividness of your visual imagery. The items of the test will possibly bring certain images to your mind. You are asked to rate the vividness of each image by reference to the five-point scale given below. For example, if your image is ‘vague and dim’, then give it a rating of 4. After each item, write the appropriate number in the box provided. The first box is for an image obtained with your eyes open and the second box is for an image obtained with your eyes closed. Before you turn to the items on the next page, familiarize yourself with the different categories on the rating scale. Throughout the test, refer to the rating scale when judging the vividness of each image. Try to do each item separately, independent of how you may have done other items.
Complete all items for images obtained with the eyes open and then return to the beginning of the questionnaire and rate the image obtained for each item with your eyes closed. Try and give your ‘eyes closed’ rating independently of the ‘eyes open’ rating. The two ratings for a given item may not in all cases be the same.”
The Rating Scale in the VVIQ
The five-point rating scale of the VVIQ is presented below. Some researchers prefer to reverse the numerical scale to make 5 = perfectly clear and as vivid as normal vision, and 1 = no image at all, you only “know” that you are thinking of an object.
| Rating | The Image Aroused by an Item Might Be |
|---|---|
| 1 | Perfectly clear and as vivid as normal vision |
| 2 | Clear and reasonably vivid |
| 3 | Moderately clear and vivid |
| 4 | Vague and dim |
| 5 | No image at all, you only “know” that you are thinking of an object |
The 16 VVIQ Items
The 16 items are arranged in blocks of four, in which each has a theme and at least one item in each cluster describes a visual image that includes movement. Each theme provides a narrative to guide a progression of mental imagery. It is noted that at least one item in each cluster describes an activity or movement, indexing liveliness. The aim of the VVIQ is to assess visual imagery vividness under conditions which allow a progressive development of scenes, situations, or events as naturally as possible. The items are intended to evoke sufficient interest, meaning, and affect conducive to image generation. Participants rate the vividness of their images separately with eyes open and eyes closed.
| Item | Theme | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Relative or friend † | For items 1 to 4, think of some relative or friend whom you frequently see (but who is not with you at present) and consider carefully the picture that comes before your mind’s eye. | |
| 1 | Relative or friend | The exact contour of face, head, shoulders, and body. |
| 2 * | Relative or friend | Characteristic poses of head, attitudes of body, etc. |
| 3 * | Relative or friend | The precise carriage, length of step, etc. in walking. |
| 4 | Relative or friend | The different colors worn in some familiar clothes. |
| Natural scene: Rising sun | Visualize a rising sun. Consider carefully the picture that comes before your mind’s eye. | |
| 5 * | Natural scene: Rising sun | The sun is rising above the horizon into a hazy sky. |
| 6 * | Natural scene: Rising sun | The sky clears and surrounds the sun with blueness. |
| 7 * | Natural scene: Rising sun | Clouds. A storm blows up, with flashes of lightening. |
| 8 * | Natural scene: Rising sun | A rainbow appears. |
| Shop | Think of the front of a shop which you often go to. Consider the picture that comes before your mind’s eye. | |
| 9 | Shop | The overall appearance of the shop from the opposite side of the road. |
| 10 | Shop | A window display including colors, shape, and details of individual items for sale. |
| 11 | Shop | You are near the entrance. The color, shape, and details of the door. |
| 12 * | Shop | You enter the shop and go to the counter. The counter assistant serves you. Money changes hands. |
| Natural scene: Lake | Finally, think of a country scene which involves trees, mountains, and a lake. Consider the picture that comes before your mind’s eye. | |
| 13 | Natural scene: Lake | The contours of the landscape. |
| 14 | Natural scene: Lake | The color and shape of the trees. |
| 15 | Natural scene: Lake | The color and shape of the lake. |
| 16 * | Natural scene: Lake | A strong wind blows on the tree and on the lake causing waves. |
* Eight of 16 items indicate activity or movement (marked *). † The first four items are from Peter Sheehan’s (1967) shortened form of the questionnaire designed by Betts (1909).
For a small minority of people, the capacity for visual imagery is unavailable. In the absence of mental imagery, consciousness consists of “unheard” words, “unheard” music, and “invisible” imagery. This minority needs to employ more generic, verbal methods to recall events, and to plan goals and future activity—compensatory strengths that remain under-investigated.
Research using the VVIQ
To date, around 2000 studies have used the VVIQ or Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ) as a measure of imagery vividness.
Dear Mr Marks,
Greetings from Indonesia!
My name is Yafi. I am from Indonesia. I am a college student at psychology department, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan,Indonesia.
I have been doing research about visual imagery in Indonesia and I am interested in the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire. In fact, I have an interest for using that scale for my research paper which will study about the visual imagery in Indonesia.
Mr Marks,
I would like to ask your permision to use your questionnaire. This questionnaire will be adapted into Indonesian and will only be used for research purpose. I hope you do not mind to give me permission to use your questionnaire.
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Best regards,
Yafi
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Hello Yafi,
Please feel free to translate and use the VVIQ in your research. With apologies for the delayed response.
Best wishes,
David Marks
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Dear Mr Marks!
Hope you will be fine.
My name is Fatima. I am a Student of M.phil Applied Psychology in Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan.
I want to conduct an experimental study and want to check the effect of Induced mood on creativity and problem solving. I want to use your Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire to measure the creativity in individuals.I want to get permission to use your Questionnaire. Please grant me permission to use your Questionnaire. I will be very thankful to you. This research is required for my M.phil thesis and time is running.
I will be very greatful to you if you grant me permission.
Best regards.
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Dear Fatima Asif,
Thank you for your message.
Please feel free to use the VVIQ in your research.
If you have any further questions, please don’t hesitate to ask.
Best wishes,
David Marks
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Dr. Marks,
I am a graduate student at Utah State University in the Brain and Cognition Program. I am currently working on my Thesis proposal; I plan on examining the relationship between aphantasia (inability to produce mental imagery or reduce vividness) and signal detection and object recognition ability. I wanted to ask your permission to use the VVIQ as a measure in my research. Thank you for your time!
Sarah Pope
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Hello Sarah,
Thank you for your message. Please feel free to use the VVIQ in your research.
Best wishes,
David Marks
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Dear Dr.Marks,
I’m a high school student from Belgium and I’m doing a study about aphantasia. I want to find out how many persons at my school have aphantasia.
And I would like to ask you if I may use your VVIQ.
Thanks for your attention and time.
Christine Hoogesteger
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Of course. Please use the original VVIQ not the ‘Quiz’. DM
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Hello,
I am a Psychology student from Edge Hill University and would like to use your questionnaire as part of my third year dissertation. Just asking for permission that this is okay. It goes without saying you will be referenced and credited for the use of the questionnaire.
Many thanks, Emma.
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Of course
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Dear Dr. Marks
I hope this finds you well and safe.
I am a final year undergrad student of Psychology at Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan. I am working on my final year thesis and am writing to request you to kindly allow me to use your “Vividness of visual imagery questionnaire” in my research. I am working on the relationship/s between emotion, autobiographical memory, mental imagery and empathy and want to use the VVIQ to measure mental imagery.
Moreover, I will be required to reproduce the scale in my research appendix, I would be grateful if you could allow the use and reproduction of your scale in my work.
Thank you.
Looking forward to hearing from you
Kind regards
Amna Maryam
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Dear Amna Maryam,
Thank you for your inquiry and interest in the VVIQ.
Please feel free to use and reproduce the instrument in your research.
Best wishes,
David Maks
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Dear Dr. Marks
Thank you for allowing me to use and reproduce the instrument.
Kind regards,
Amna
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Dear Dr Marks,
I hope you are well and staying safe. I am a student studying an MSc Psychology at the University of East London and would greatly appreciate it if I could request your permission to use the VVIQ2 for my dissertation? I am researching connections between groups and their mental imagery abilities. Thank-you kindly for your time.
Kind regards,
Benjamin Ryan
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Hello Benjamin, Please feel free to use the VVIQ2 in your research project. I hope you obtain some interesting findings. Kind regards, David
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Dear Dr Marks
I hope you are well. I am a student of neuropsychology and together with me friend we would like to use VVIQ-2 in our work. We are going to conduct a research on the role of visual images in evoking emotion and the relationship between visual imagination and morality.
Therefore, we would like to kindly ask you if you could share with us VVIQ-2. Generally it seems to be hard to find and we are not sure if the version we’ve obtained is valid. We have decided to use revised version of the tool due to its better psychometric quality.
Kindest regards,
Stanisław Świątek
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Dear Dr. Marks
I am third-year student of Bachelor’s degree in cognitive science, at Jagiellonian University in Cracow. I’m preparing a Bachelor thesis under dr hab. Marek Binder, which will consist of describing current state of research on aphantasia and my research of the frequency of aphantasia in polish population measured by VVIQ.
Because of that, I would like to ask for permission to use your VVIQ in my research, and premission to translate it to polish.
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely,
Jerzy Jeziorski
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Hello Jerzy,
Please go ahead. Best of luck with your project.
Regards,
David
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